Publications

1.  “Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Arylfluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents” Chu, D. T. W.; Fernandes, P. B.; Claiborne, A. K.; Pihuleac, E.; Nordeen, C. W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Pernet, A. G. J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 1558–1564.

2.  “Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship of 1-Aryl-6,8-difluoroquinolone Antibacterial Agents” Chu, D. T. W.; Fernandes, P. B.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Nordeen, C. W.; Pernet, A. G. J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 504–509.

3.  “Synthesis of 4-Oxo-4H-quino[2,3,4-i,j][1,4]-benoxazine-5-carboxylic Acid Derivatives” Chu, D. T. W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1987, 24, 453–456.

4.  “Total Synthesis of Didemnins A, B, and C” Rinehart, K. L.; Kishore, V.; Nagarajan, S.; Lake, R. J.; Gloer, J. B.; Bozich, F. A.; Li, K.-M.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Todsen, T. L.; Munro, M. H. G.; Sullins, D. W.; Sakai, R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6846–6848.

5.  “Synthesis of 4,12-Dihydro-4-oxoquino-[1,8a,8-a,b]quinoxaline-5-carboxylic Acid Derivatives” Chu, D. T. W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Nordeen, C. W. J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1988, 25, 927–930.

6.  “Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (–)-9-Epiambrox, a Potent Ambergris-Type Olfactory Agent” Paquette, L. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 912–913.

7.  “Regio- and Stereoselective Oxidation of Unsaturated Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanones with Selenium Dioxide” Paquette, L. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Qiu, F.-y. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 2455–2461.

8.  “Adaptation of Oxyanionic Sigmatropy to the Convergent Enantioselective Synthesis of Ambergris-Type Odorants” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Paquette, L. A. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 6538–6546.

9.   “Enantioselective Construction of Natural (+)-Pallescensin A.  A Sigmatropic Pathway to Furanosequeterpines” Paquette, L. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 7118–7122.

10.   “Rapamycin Synthetic Studies.  1. Construction of the C(27) to C(42) Subunit” Smith, A. B., III; Condon, S. M.; McCauley, J. A.; Leahy, J. W.; Leazer, J. L., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4907–4910.

11.  “Rapamycin Synthetic Studies.  2. Construction of the C(10) to C(26) Perimeter” Smith, A. B., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Leazer, J. L., Jr.; Leahy, J. W.; McCauley, J. A.; Condon, S. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4911–4914.

12.  “Total Synthesis of Rapamycin and Demethoxyrapamycin” Smith, A. B., III; Condon, S. M.; McCauley, J. A.; Leazer, J. L., Jr.; Leahy, J. W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5407–5408.

13.  “A Unified Total Synthesis of the Immunomodulators (–)-Rapamycin and (–)-27-Demethoxyrapamycin:  Construction of the C(21–42) Perimeters” Smith, A. B., III; Condon, S. M.; McCauley, J. A.; Leazer, J. L., Jr.; Leahy, J. W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 947–961.

14.  “A Unified Total Synthesis of the Immunomodulators (–)-Rapamycin and (–)-27-Demethoxyrapamycin:  Assembly of the Common C(1–20) Perimeter and Final Elaboration” Smith, A. B., III; Condon, S. M.; McCauley, J. A.; Leazer, J. L., Jr.; Leahy, J. W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 962–973.

15.  “Stereospecificity of the 1,2-Wittig Rearrangement:  How Chelation Effects Influence Stereochemical Outcome” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Geng, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 8551–8552.

16.  “Development of a One Pot Palladium Catalyzed Hydrostannylation/Stille Coupling Protocol with Catalytic Amounts of Tin” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Terstiege, I. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 9622–9623.

17.  “A New Approach for the Generation and Reaction of Organotin Hydrides:  The Development of Reactions Catalytic in Tin” Terstiege, I.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 342–343.

18.  “Application of a Three-Carbon Ring Expansion Process to Bridged Bicyclic Systems” Mi, B.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 2053–2056.

19.  “Synthetic Studies Toward Amphidinolide A: Synthesis of Fully Functionalized Subunits” Terrell, L. R.; Ward, J. S., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3097–3100.

20.  “Synthesis of Aryl and Alkyl Acylsilanes Using Trimethyl(tributylstannyl)silane” Geng, F.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 3113–3114.

21.  “Application of Fluoride Catalyzed Silane Reductions of Tin Halides to the in situ Preparation of Vinylstannanes” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Terrell, L. R.; Clark, D. H.; Whitehead, S. L.; Gallagher, W. P.; Terstiege, I. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 5958–5965.

22.  “Synthesis and Fluoride Promoted Wittig Rearrangements of alpha-Alkoxysilanes” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Geng, F. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1111–1113.

23.  “Methyllithium Promoted Wittig Rearrangements of alpha-Alkoxysilanes” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Geng, F. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 1115–1118.

24.  “Stille Couplings Catalytic in Tin — Beyond Proof of Principle” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Gallagher, W. P.; Terstiege, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 384–385.

25.  “Microwave Assisted One Pot Hydrostannylation/Stille Couplings” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Lavis, J. M.; Clark, D. H.; Gallagher, W. P. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 3655–3658.

26.  “Stille Couplings Catalytic in Tin — The 'Sn–O' Approach” Gallagher, W. P.; Terstiege, I.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 3194–3204.

27.  “A Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) Coupling Approach to the Phomactins” Mi, B.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 1491–1494.

28.  “The Regiochemical Influence of Oxo-Substitution in Palladium Mediated Hydrostannations of 1-Alkynes” Rice, M. B.; Whitehead, S. L.; Horvath, C. M.; Muchnij, J. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Synthesis 2001, 1495–1504.

29.  “Stille Couplings Catalytic in Tin: A “Sn–F” Approach” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.;Gallagher, W. P. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 4173–4176.

30.  “Remarkably Selective Iridium Catalysts for the Elaboration of Aromatic C–H Bonds” Cho, J.-Y.; Tse, M. K.; Holmes, D.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III Science 2002, 295, 305–308.

31.  “Total Synthesis of Proposed Amphidinolide A via a Highly Selective Ring Closing Metathesis” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.;Terrell, L. R.; Geng, F.; Ward, J. S., III Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 2841–2844.

32.  “Palladium Catalyzed Hydrodehalogenations by Fluoride Activated Polymethylhydro-siloxane” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.;Rahaim, R. J., Jr.; Teixeira, R. R. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7087–7090.

33.  “Bleach/Acetic Acid Promoted Chlorinative Ring Expansion of [2.2.1] and [2.2.2] Bicycles” Ruggles, E. L.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3899–3902.

34.  “Room Temperature Dehalogenation of Chloroarenes by Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) under Palladium Catalysis” Rahaim, R. J., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 8823–8826.

35.  “Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as an Additive in Sonogashira Reactions” Gallagher, W. P.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Synlett 2003, 537–541.

36.  “C–H Activation/Borylation/Oxidation:  A One-Pot Unified Route To Meta-Substituted Phenols Bearing Ortho/Para-Directing Groups” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Shi, F.; Holmes, D.; Smith, M. R., III J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7792–7793.

37.  “PMHS Mediated Couplings of Alkynes or Benzothiazoles with Various Electrophiles: Application to the Synthesis of (–)-Akolactone A” Gallagher, W. P.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6775–6779.

38.  “Stille Reactions Catalytic in Tin: A “Sn-F” Route for Intermolecular and Intramolecular Couplings” Gallagher, W. P.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 841–846.

39. “A Toxicological Evaluation of Pyrene Ozonation Byproducts: Biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarb-aldehyde and Biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxylic Acid” Luster-Teasley, S. L.; Ganey, P. E.; DiOrio, M.; Ward, J. S., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Trosko, J. E.; Masten, S. J. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 24, 733–740.

40.  “Pd-Catalyzed Silicon Hydride Reductions of Aromatic and Aliphatic Nitro Groups” Rahaim, R. J., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 5087–5090.

41.  “One-Pot Pd-Catalyzed Hydrostannation/Stille Reaction with Acid Chlorides as the Electrophiles” Lee, K.; Gallagher, W. P.; Toskey, E. A.; Chong, W.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. J. Organomet. Chem. 2006, 691, 1462–1465.

42.  “One-Pot Borylation/Amination Reactions: Synthesis of Arylamine Boronate Esters from Halogenated Arenes” Holmes, D.; Chotana, G. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 1407–1410.

43.  “Aromatic Borylation/Amidation/Oxidation: A Rapid Route to 5-Substituted-3-amidophenols” Shi, F.; Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 1411–1414.

44.  “Pd(0)-Catalyzed PMHS Reductions of Aromatic Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes” Lee, K.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 1887–1888.

45.  “-Substituted Acylsilanes via a Highly Selective [1,4]-Wittig Rearrangement of -Benzyloxyallylsilane” Onyeozili, E. N.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Chem. Commun. 2006, 2466–2468.

46.  “Studies on the Deprotonation and Subsequent [1,4]-Wittig Rearrangement of -Benzyloxy-allylsilanes” Onyeozili, E. N.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006, 47, 6565–6568.

47. “Pd-Catalyzed Silane/Siloxane Reductions in the One-Pot Conversion of Nitro Compounds to Their Amines, Hydroxylamines, Amides, Sulfonamides, and Carbamates” Rahaim, R. J., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Synthesis 2006, 3316–3340.

48.   “Ir-Catalyzed Functionalization of 2-Substituted Indoles at the 7-Position: Nitrogen-Directed Aromatic Borylation” Paul, S.; Chotana, G. A.; Holmes, D.; Reichle, R. C.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 15552–15553.

49.  “Iridium-Catalyzed Borylation of Thiophenes: Versatile, Synthetic Elaboration Founded on Selective C–H Functionalization” Chotana, G. A.; Kallepalli, V. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III Tetrahedron 2008, 64, 6103–6114.

50.  “Aryl–Aryl Cross-Couplings that Avoid the Preparation of Haloaromatics” Norberg, A. M.; Sanchez, L.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. 2008, 11, 853–869.

51.  “Copper Puts Arenes in a Hard Position (A Chemistry Perspective)” Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Science 2009, 323, 1572–1573.

52.  “Reactions of vinyltributylgermanes and aryl halides under Heck conditions” Torres, N. M.; Lavis, J. M.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4407–4410.

53.  “Getting the Sterics Just Right: A Five-Coordinate Iridium Trisboryl Complex that Reacts with C—H Bonds at Room Temperature” Chotana, G. A.; Vanchura, B. A., II; Tse, M. K.; Staples, R. J.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III Chem. Commun. 2009, 5731–5733.

54.  “Boc Groups as Protectors and Directors for Ir-Catalyzed C–H Borylation of Heterocycles” Kallepalli, V. A.; Shi, F.; Paul, S.; Onyeozili, E. N.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 9199–9201.

55.  “Divergent Synthesis of 2,3,5-Substituted Thiophenes by C–H Activation/Borylation/Suzuki Coupling" Kallepalli, V. A.; Sanchez, L.; Li, H.; Gesmundo, N. J.; Turton, C. L.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III Heterocycles 2010, 80, 1429–1448.

56.  “Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of a-Hydroxysilanes” An, I.; Onyeozili, E. N.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2010, 21, 527–534.

57.  “Electronic Effects in Iridium C–H Borylations: Insights From Unencumbered Substrates and Variation of Boryl Ligand Substituents” Vanchura, B. A., II; Preshlock, S. M.; Roosen, P. C. Kallepalli, V. A.; Staples, R. J.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Singleton, D. A.; Smith, M. R., III Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 7724–7726.

58.  “C–O Hydrogenolysis Catalyzed by Pd-PMHS Nanoparticles in the Company of Chloroarenes” Rahaim, R. J., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.  Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 584–587.

59.  “Practical One-Pot C–H Activation/Borylation/Oxidation: Preparation of 3-Bromo-5-Methylphenol on a Multi-Gram Scale” Norberg, A. M.; Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Synthesis 2011, 857–859.

60.  “Ni, Co, & Mo-metal-catalyzed alkynes hydrostannations using Bu3SnCl/PMHS/KF/18-crown-6 as an in situ Bu3SnH source” Ghosh, B.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 5285–5287.

61.  “Outer-Sphere Direction in Iridium C–H Borylation” Roosen, P. C.; Kallepalli, V. A.; Chattopadhyay, B.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Singleton, D. A; Smith, M. R., III J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 11350–11353.

62.  “[1,2]- and [1,4]-Wittig Rearrangements of α-Alkoxysilanes: Effect of Substitutions at both the Migrating Benzylic Carbon and the Terminal sp2 Carbon of the Allyl Moiety” Onyeozili, E. N.; Mori-Quiroz, L. M.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron 2013, 69, 849–860.

63.  “Non-Pd Transition Metal Catalyzed Hydrostannations: Bu3SnF/PMHS as a Tin Hydride Source” Ghosh, B.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. Tetrahedron 2013, 69, (accepted January 17, 2013).

64.  “High Throughput Optimization of Ir-Catalyzed C–H Borylation: A Tutorial for Practical Applications” Preshlock, S. M.; Ghaffari, B.; Maligres, P. E.; Krska, S. W.; Maleczka, Robert E.; Jr.; Smith, M. R., III J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, (accepted pending minor revisions February 7, 2013).

Book Chapters

1.     “Advances in the Total Synthesis of Amphidinolide A” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Terrell, L. R. In Natural Product Chemistry at the Turn of the Century; Rahman, A.-u.; Choudhary, M. I.; Khan, K. M., Eds.; Print Arts: Karachi 2002; pp. 105–114.

2.     “Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS)” Lavis, J. M.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Wipf, P., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online April 15, 2003, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rn00062/frame.html.

3.     “(R)-(–)-2,2-Diphenylcyclopentanol” Onyeozili, E. N.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS– Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Wipf, P., Eds.; Wiley: New York, Published online April 15, 2003, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rn00225/frame.html.

4.     “(4S,5S)-2-Bromo-1,3-bis[(4-methylphenylsulfonyl]-4,5-diphenyl-1,3,2-diazaborolidine” Pellerito, A. M.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Wipf, P., Eds.; Wiley: New York, Published online October 15, 2003,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rn00224u/frame.html.

5.     “Triethylsilane (First Update)” Rahaim, R. J., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Molander, G. A., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online March 17, 2007, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rt226/frame.html.

6.     “Triphenylsilane (First Update)” Torres, N. M.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Molander, G. A., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online March 17, 2007, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rt385/frame.html.

7.     “Trimethylene Oxide (First Update)” Muchnij, J. A.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS– Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Molander, G. A., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online September 17, 2007, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rt273/frame.html.

8.    “Bismuth Pentafluoride” Kim S.-H.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Molander, G. A., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online September 17, 2007, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rn00735/frame.html.

9.     “1-Chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Bis(tetrafluoroborate) (First Update)” An, I.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Molander, G. A., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online September 17, 2007,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rc116/frame.html.

10.    “Chlorotrimethylstannane (First Update)” Lee, K.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. In eEROS–Electronic Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (DOI: 10.1002/047084289X); Paquette, L. A.; Crich, D.; Fuchs, P. L.; Molander, G. A., Eds.; Wiley: New York; Published online September 17, 2007, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/eros/articles/rc160/frame.html.

Patents

1.     “Processes and Intermediates for Preparing Macrocycles” Smith, A. B., III; Condon, S. M.; Leahy, J. W.; Leazer, J. L., Jr.; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; McCauley, J. A.  U.S. Patent 5,621,108; April 15, 1997.

2.     “Process for the Synthesis of Phenols from Arenes” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III; Holmes, D.; Shi, F.  U.S. Patent 6,828,466; December 7, 2004.

3.      “Process for the Catalytic Synthesis of Biaryls and Polymers from Aryl Compounds” Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. U.S. Patent 6,867,302; March 15, 2005.

4.    “Synthesis of Aminoboronic Esters and Substituted Anilines from Arenes via Catalytic C–H Activation/Borylation/Amination and Uses Thereof” Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Smith, M. R., III; Holmes, D. U.S. Patent 6,958,196; October 25, 2005.

5.      “Process for the Catalytic Synthesis of Biaryls and Polymers from Aryl Compounds” Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr. U.S. Patent 7,148,356; December 12, 2006.

6.      “Process for the Preparation of a Borylated Thiophene”  Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Chotana, G. A.; Kallepalli, V.; Paul, S. U.S. Patent Application 2008-0091035; April 17, 2008.

7.      “Process for Producing N-Protected Boryl Compounds” Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Kallepalli, V.; Onyeozili, E. U.S. Patent Application 2008-0146814; June 19, 2008.

8.     “Process for the Preparation of 2-Substituted-7-Boryl Indoles and Compounds” Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Chotana, G. A.; Paul, S. U.S. Patent Application 2008-0167476; July 10, 2008.

9.    “Process for Producing Cyano Substituted Arene Boranes and Compounds” Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Chotana, G. A. U.S. Patent 7,514,563; April 7, 2009.

10.    “Process for Producing Oxazole, Imidazole, Pyrrazole Boryl Compounds” Smith, M. R., III; Maleczka, R. E., Jr.; Kallepalli, V.; Onyeozili, E. U.S. Patent 7,709,654; May 4, 2010.